WISHH Glossary and Definitions
ACDI/VOCA
Acronym is the name of this Private Voluntary Organization that is participating
in WISHH efforts.
BHR
Bureau of Humanitarian Response of the U.S. Agency for International
Development
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)
Operating unit of the US Department of Agriculture, under the management of an Undersecretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, that manages export credits, surplus stocks and acquisition of commodities for PL 480 and Section 416(b) purposes.
CRS--Catholic Relief Services, a PVO that is participating in WISHH efforts.
FAS
USDA's Foreign Agriculture Service, which administers USDA food aid programs.
FSA
USDA's Farm Services Agency, which procures U.S. food aid based on FAS programmatic needs.
Food for Peace
The general term applied to the food-donation program authorized by the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (P.L. 480).
IRD
International Relief and Development, Inc., a PVO participating with WISHH
OFDA
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development
Monetization
The selling of agricultural commodities to obtain foreign currency for use in U.S. assistance programs. PVOs monetize USG donated commodities through PL480 Title II and USDA programs. Monetization can be conducted by direct negotiation with government parastatals or through sealed-bid auctions to wholesalers and mid-level merchants. 1995 US legislation requires that a minimum of 15% of Title II food aid be monetized each year. Third Country Monetization: A monetization in which commodities are sold in one country and the foreign currency generated is used to support the implementation of a Title II program in that country and/or another country in the same region.
Public Law (PL) 480, Titles I, II and III
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Title I: Concessional loans to developing countries to purchase food or
agricultural commodities determined to be surplus to the domestic and commercial
export requirements of the United States by the Secretary of Agriculture.
The USDA administers program.
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Title II: A program to provide agricultural commodities to foreign countries
on behalf of the people of the United States to address famine or other urgent
or extraordinary relief requirements; combat malnutrition, especially in children
and mothers; carry out activities that attempt to alleviate the causes of
hunger, mortality or morbidity; promote economic and community development;
promote sound environmental practices; and carry out feeding programs. Agricultural
commodities may be provided to meet emergency food needs through foreign governments
and private or public organizations, including intergovernmental organizations.
The program is administered by USAID.
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Title III: A government-to-government grants program, entitled Food for
Development that is implemented by USAID in food-deficient countries. Local
currency is generated by the sale of the commodities, which is then utilized
for economic development and policy reform activities.
PVO
Private Voluntary Organization's are non-profit groups, such as CARE and Save the Children.
Section 416(b) of the Agricultural Act: Legislation of 1949, which allows for surplus commodities to be donated for overseas aid, for instance as grants to PVOs and to governments. Funds appropriated are not charged to the 150-budget account but are treated as domestic programs because commodities generally are taken from the US agricultural price support program. Effective December 1991, USDA took sole statutory responsibility for these donations, previously shared with AID under a memorandum of understanding. Legislated targets: Allocate a minimum of 500,000 MT of grains and oilseeds annually, 150,000 MT of dairy products annually, 5% of the value of Section 416 to monetizations by PVOs and cooperatives and allocate a minimum of 75,000 to Food for Progress. The interest arising from the principal sum only.
Section 202(e) of Farm Bill: PL 480 legislation which as of 1990 provides nearly $20 million per year to PVOs and WFP to cover complementary cash costs of food programs in the field. 202(e) grants fund only in-country expenses toward improving the management and efficiency of Title II programs.
USAID
U.S. Agency for International Development also referred to AID
WFP
World Food Programme of the United Nations
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